Por que o WEC se tornou uma das categorias mais técnicas do automobilismo mundial, com Diego Borges
'As urgent and relevant today as it ever was' The radical manifesto hidden in Georges Seurat's 1884 masterpiece.txt
'As urgent and lottery ny staterelevant today as it ever was': The radical manifesto hidden in Georges Seurat's 1884 masterpieceSkip to contentBritish Broadcasting CorporationRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureArtsTravelEarthAudioVideoLiveHomeNewsIsrael-Gaza WarWar in UkraineUS & CanadaUKUK PoliticsEnglandN. IrelandN. 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From Jan van Eyck's The Arnolfini Portrait, 1434, with its bulbous fish-eye looking glass bolted to the back of the bedroom, warping reality, to édouard Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882, and its riddling ricochet of stares, these paintings play with our perspective and offer flashes of the world in all its strangeness. Some paintings perform their magic more stealthily, of course, without a mirror in sight. Take Georges Seurat's seemingly straightforward exaltation of summer, Bathers at Asnières, 1884 – a painting that, on closer inspection, peels away at our perception of perception with a passion and intensity that makes it as urgent and relevant today as it ever was.At first glance, Seurat's colossal 2m x 3m (79in x 118in) canvas – much larger than gallery-goers were accustomed to encountering – is an outsized celebration of the lazy luminosity of the season, enshrining the relaxed mood of workers on a break from nearby factories as they bathe in etherealising sunshine along the banks of the Seine, northwest of central Paris. The light that polishes the pallid skin of figures who have spent too long stewing in the sooty fug of sunless foundries (those "dark Satanic mills" of which William Blake once wrote) seems initially to bestow on them a monumentality rarely seen in contemporary art and a grandeur typically reserved for the depiction of myth and history. Look closer, however, and their smooth and deceptively solid physiques suddenly begin to unstitch themselves, unweaving into a loosening mesh of pulsing photons – waves of pure hue and pigment distinct from form. The workers are animated in their motionlessness: hefty and weightless in equal measure.Bathers at Asnières is a deft dissection of the mirage of superficial appearances – an elaborate exercise in the undoing of the social and psychological veils that shape our worldIn Seurat's hands, the very property of light, that most fundamental element that makes perception possible, is no longer a straightforward source of illumination. It is a substance that can, and must, be pulled apart and put back together again. Far from a simple celebration of summer indolence or the unwinding of mind and muscle against a tapestry of afternoon heat and haze, Bathers at Asnières is a deft dissection of the mirage of superficial appearances – an elaborate exercise in the undoing of the social and psychological veils that shroud our seeing and shape our world. It is a painting that sees into the life of things.To unlock the latent layers of meaning in the work one needs a key and an expert guide. Fortunately, Seurat has provided us with both, hiding in plain sight, signalling our attention from near the very centre of the painting. There, just above the slumped shoulders of the central-most shirtless figure, fitted with a helmet of flattened auburn hat hair, is a slender chimney chugging smoke – one of several smokestacks that puncture the humid sky – that simultaneously interrupts Seurat's vision and is arguably responsible for every aspect of it.The Natonal Gallery, LondonSeurat's 1884 painting Bathers at Asnières captures workers from nearby factories taking a break by the Seine in northwest Paris (Credit: The Natonal Gallery, London)The chimney rises from one of the many factories in the nearby neighbourhood of Clichy, the centre of French candle manufacturing at the time – an extraordinarily lucrative industry made possible by the scientific ingenuity of Michel Eugène Chevreul, a pioneering French chemist whose intellectual insights helped shape the 19th Century. In addition to isolating stearic acid – a crucial component of animal fat from which an odourless and clean-burning candle could be crafted – Chevreul is credited with formulating a highly influential theory of colour on which every inch of Seurat's painting is painstakingly based. To understand the essence of Seurat's singular vision, one must get to grips with the essence of the mind of the man who, in a real sense, lit the wick of both the work's material subject and revolutionary manner of seeing.Breaking new artistic groundWhen Seurat began work on Bathers at Asnières in 1884, he was a 24-year-old Parisian artist trained at the prestigious école des Beaux-Arts, which had produced many of the finest painters of the age, from Delacroix to Degas. While attending art school, Seurat first encountered Chevreul's ideas on colour, which had formed the basis of the chemist's treatise De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs (or On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colours), published four-and-a-half decades earlier in 1839. Chevreul had turned his attention from candle-making to colour theory in the 1830s after having been approached by a guild of weavers to explain why their dyes appeared so dull. He concluded that the colours themselves were not the problem. Their arrangement was. He demonstrated that two complementary colours, when placed side-by-side, enrich each other in the eyes of those who perceive them. Each contrasting colour appears more vibrant and distinct than it otherwise would – an elegantly simple revelation that would reverberate across the worlds of science and art.Getty ImagesMichel Eugène Chevreul is credited with formulating a highly influential theory of colour on which Seurat's painting is painstakingly based (Credit: Getty Images)While many of Seurat's Impressionist forebears were aware of Chevreul's conclusions, they regarded his prescriptions for colour placement – blues beside orange, yellows beside purple, etc – more as loose poetic suggestions than strict scientific dictates. Not Seurat. Determined to break new artistic ground, he saw Bathers as an opportunity to introduce an entirely new visual technique capable of illustrating Chevreul's ideas with greater systematic rigour than anyone had attempted before. Seurat set about plotting Bathers like a mathematical proof of Chevreul's "law of simultaneous contrast". His fastidiousness is evident in how he positions orange-blushed flesh against blue-green water; how the grass is flecked with yellow-lilac flickers; and how he outlines with cool blue the warm and rosy tones of the boys' skin, intensifying the figures and making them visually throb. In these moments, Seurat succeeds in scrubbing away the artificial social markers of class and status. What remains is the soul of colour, shaken through the sieve of Chevreul's theory.Bathers was an audacious manifesto on how we see the world when the artificial trappings of class and status, form and function, are filtered away to reveal the vital vibration of colourThis calculated deployment of pigment would serve as a decisive step to Seurat's famous painterly innovation of pointillism, or deftly dabbed dots that mix in the mind of the beholder rather than on the palette of the painter – thus amplifying their effect. The pointillist technique, which provided a more precise way of evincing Chevreul's ideas, soon after made its grand debut in Seurat's famous sequel of relaxing Parisians, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (1884). Although Bathers was not initially painted with dots, but with a clever matrix of criss-crossing strokes that diminish in size as they approach the horizon, the artist would return to the canvas in 1886 and '87 to inflect its surface, here and there, with the tiny dibs and dabs that would define his mature style. All but subliminal specks of cobalt blue, added later to the back of the orange hat on the wading boy who hoots through his hands, unsettles his stability. They make him vibrate.Art Institute of ChicagoThe pointillist technique made its grand debut in Seurat's famous sequel of relaxing Parisians, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (1884) (Credit: Art Institute of Chicago)From its inception, Seurat was determined that Bathers at Asnières would not be just another painting. It was an audacious manifesto on how we see the world when the artificial trappings of class and status, form and function, are filtered away to reveal the vital vibration of colour, pure colour – a meticulously plotted statement of purpose and artistic intent. In preparation for the work, Seurat dramatically departed from Impressionist spontaneity and its habit of working hastily outdoors, undertaking in his studio more than a dozen oil sketches and nearly as many crayon drawings, convinced this would be the masterwork that established his place in the art world. Bathers, he believed, would be the painting that people noticed – the one he could confidently submit to the famously implacable jury of the influential Salon, the institution whose stingy regard, if secured, could determine the career prospects of any aspiring artist. So he submitted it. And they rejected it. More like this:? The WW2 poster that became a loved and hated icon? The US statue at the heart of a culture war? The real meaning of Van Gogh's SunflowersWhile widely admired today as a masterpiece of evocative atmospherics, Bathers at Asnières' road to critical acclaim was a bumpy one at best. Bruised but unbeaten by the Salon's rejection, Seurat remained determined that his canvas would still be seen. He soon joined forces with a plucky band of equally aggrieved rejects from the persnickety Salon that included Paul Signac and Odilon Redon. Calling themselves the Groupe des Artistes Indépendants, the crew hastily staged a rival exhibition in a makeshift wooden pavilion, near the Place de la Concorde. Unfortunately for Seurat, the incommodious size of his canvas and the organisers' decision to cram the rough-and-ready walls with more than 400 works, resulted in his work being elbowed into an unglamorous spot in the show where it was met with befuddlement by the few who took any notice of it at all. Though one early reviewer of the painting showed restraint, insisting that he didn't "quite dare poke fun at it", another felt no compunction in calling it "monstrous", "vulgar", and "bad from every point of view".It would be another half-a-century, and long after Seurat himself would die prematurely in March 1891 at the age of just 31, that his masterpiece would begin to be seen as a significant moment in the story of art. After languishing in private hands for 60 years, Bathers was acquired in 1924 by the Tate Gallery in London, elevating its profile. Positioned properly on a museum wall, with ample space for visitors' eyes to absorb its power, Bathers at Asnières began to gain critical traction both for its exquisite distillation of the very essence of summer and as a modern wonder in the art of seeing.Georges Seurat's Bathers at Asnières is on display at The National Gallery in London.--If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week.For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook and Instagram.ArtArt historyArt and designArtsFeaturesWatchJapan's photo tomb that contained a historic legacyThe Japanese photographer who buried hundreds of photos and the journey to revive his legacy.2 days agoTime FrameHow a performance lab is putting musicians to the test BBC Click visits a simulator lab that allows musicians to practice performance in real-world conditions.17 Jan 2025InnovationThe technology powering the iconic Sydney Opera HouseBBC Click heads behind the scenes of the Sydney Opera House to explore the tech powering the famous landmark.3 Jan 2025TechnologyHow the surreal 'Dali Atomicus' was capturedIn 1948 a famous artist and an innovative portrait photographer attempted to create something unbelievable.10 Dec 2024Time FrameA look inside Michelangelo's 'secret room'The BBC gets access to Michelangelo's 'secret hiding room' under the Medici Chapel in Florence.2 Nov 2024Art & DesignAI v The Mind: Meet the world's first artist robotWe find out how AI blurs the line between creation and automation, raising questions about the essence of art.18 Oct 2024InnovationShahmaran: The mythical symbol inspiring Turkish artistsThe 'Shahmaran', half-woman and half-snake, is a mythical figure popular in the folklore of Turkey. 12 Jul 2024Art & DesignThe legendary soprano making a differenceDame Kiri Te Kanawa has enjoyed one of the longest careers in operatic history.2 Mar 2024OperaCallas at 100: 'This is the stuff legends are made of'Zeinab Badawi heads to Athens to celebrate the centenary of the birth of opera soprano Maria Callas.8 Jan 2024OperaWhat do we mean when we talk about 'Islamic art'?Art critic Alastair Sooke travels to Doha to discover some of the treasures of the Museum of Islamic Art.20 Dec 2023Art & DesignThe Doha Hind: The charming 10th-Century garden ornamentArt critic Alastair Sooke learns about a decorative 10th-Century treasure at Doha's Museum of Islamic Art.20 Dec 2023Art & DesignBlue Quran: A rare 1,000-year-old masterpieceArt critic Alastair Sooke learns about a masterpiece of the Islamic world at Doha's Museum of Islamic Art.20 Dec 2023Art & DesignBehind the scenes at La Scala in MilanZeinab Badawi takes us behind the scenes at La Scala in Milan to find out how magic is made.11 Dec 2023OperaThe journey to become an opera singerWe travel to La Scala in Milan, Italy the iconic stage where every opera singer dreams of performing.11 Dec 2023OperaJapan's ancient art of Taiko drummingVisually-impaired content maker Lucy Edwards learns about Japan's ancient art of Taiko drumming.27 Nov 2023Culture & ExperiencesInside the harem where East meets WestJoin art critic Alastair Sooke in Istanbul as he uncovers the intriguing relationship between East and West.21 Nov 2023CultureTaiwan's last cinema poster painterPartially blind, he vows to continue until he can no longer see.10 Nov 2023ArtJapanese sashiko: The art of stitching storiesSashiko is a 400-year-old Japanese stitching technique. 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