The furious debate over the US's fourth-best city.txt
'We had no idea of what it would become' How Keep Calm and Carry On became a divisive 21st-Century phenomenon.txt
'We had no idea of what it would become': How Keep Calm and best online bingo sites for winningCarry On became a divisive 21st-Century phenomenonSkip to contentBritish Broadcasting CorporationRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureArtsTravelEarthAudioVideoLiveHomeNewsIsrael-Gaza WarWar in UkraineUS & CanadaUKUK PoliticsEnglandN. IrelandN. Ireland PoliticsScotlandScotland PoliticsWalesWales PoliticsAfricaAsiaChinaIndiaAustraliaEuropeLatin AmericaMiddle EastIn PicturesBBC InDepthBBC VerifySportBusinessExecutive LoungeTechnology of BusinessFuture of BusinessInnovationTechnologyScience & HealthArtificial IntelligenceAI v the MindCultureFilm & TVMusicArt & DesignStyleBooksEntertainment NewsArtsArts in MotionTravelDestinationsAfricaAntarcticaAsiaAustralia and PacificCaribbean & BermudaCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorld’s TableCulture & ExperiencesAdventuresThe SpeciaListTo the Ends of The Earth EarthNatural WondersWeather & ScienceClimate SolutionsSustainable BusinessGreen LivingAudioPodcast CategoriesRadioAudio FAQsVideoLiveLive NewsLive SportHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureArtsTravelEarthAudioVideoLiveWeatherNewsletters'We had no idea of what it would become': How Keep Calm and Carry On became a divisive 21st-Century phenomenon6 August 2025ShareSaveTeja LeleShareSaveAlamy(Credit: Alamy)After a forgotten WW2 propaganda poster was discovered in 2000, it found an astounding new resonance in 21st-Century Britain – becoming an endlessly memeable template that is both cherished and mocked.In the spring of 2000, a forgotten World War Two-era British propaganda poster was rediscovered in a dusty box at Barter Books, a second-hand bookshop housed in a former Victorian railway station in Alnwick, Northumberland. The red poster and its bold, unadorned message beneath a Tudor crown, Keep Calm and Carry On, would resonate with a world far removed from wartime Britain, sparking a viral design trend and becoming one of the 21st Century's most recognisable and repurposed cultural slogans.Keep Calm and Carry On played upon stereotypes of British stoicism in the hope of restoring order amid the expected chaos – Dr Daniel CowlingThe poster, commissioned by the British Ministry of Information in 1939 as part of a three-part series to bolster public morale amid the threat of war, was never officially released, and had rarely been displayed. Dr Daniel Cowling, senior historian at the National Army Museum, London, says the Ministry of Information often used posters, cinema, radio, books and pamphlets to influence public opinion during World War Two. In addition to the Keep Calm poster were two others, which carried the slogans Your Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory and Freedom is in Peril. Defend it with All Your Might."On the eve of the war, it was widely accepted that bombing raids would lead to the rapid and complete breakdown of society", Cowling tells the BBC. "Keep Calm and Carry On was designated as a specific response in their aftermath. It played upon stereotypes of British stoicism in the hope of restoring order amid the expected chaos."The other two posters were plastered across railway stations, factories, and shop windows, but received a tepid response. Mass Observation surveys suggested that public response to the wider "Home Publicity" poster campaign was overwhelmingly negative, says Cowling. British towns and cities did experience heavy bombing raids, but there was no breakdown of society. "Rather, many civilians responded with resilience and spirited togetherness. [So], the Keep Calm poster would have seemed rather patronising to some British civilians," he explains.Getty ImagesThe poster was commissioned in 1939 as part of a three-part series to bolster public morale amid the threat of war (Credit: Getty Images)The iconic poster, which was designed by British illustrator Ernest Wallcousins and of which about 2.5 million copies were printed, was held back. It remained largely unseen by the wider world, as most copies were pulped in 1940 to conserve paper for the war effort. A few copies survived, tucked away in archives, including the one in the box at Barter Books.Stuart and Mary Manley, owners of Barter Books, were taken by the poster. "We decided to have it framed and put it up in the bookshop. We had no idea of what it would become. Mary resisted the idea of having copies printed, so I had to have them done secretly. The popularity of the copies soon changed her mind," Stuart Manley tells the BBC.For the first few years, the poster's popularity remained purely regional, confined to bookshop visitors. The explosion began when Guardian journalist Susie Steiner included it in a 2005 article on her 10 favourite design items. "Our staff spent the next month packing posters sent across the world," Manley says.A 21st-Century phenomenonThe poster had reappeared in a radically different landscape than the one it was intended for, one shaped by a rapidly growing internet culture, by irony and anxiety. But it soon found its place in the new world, becoming the ultimate shorthand for British stoicism and a platform for endless parody. "I think it resonated so powerfully because it perfectly encapsulates the dominant popular memory of the war in modern Britain; that it was the country's 'finest hour' and a time when people stoically 'carried on' against what could have felt like overwhelming odds," says Lucy Noakes, Rab Butler Professor of Modern History at the University of Essex, and President of the Royal Historical Society, tells the BBC.It is part of a national mythologising of wartime spirit which continues to shape so much of our cultural memory and identity – Professor Katy ParryBy 2007, sales of the poster had reached 50,000 and its popularity hasn't waned since. By 2009, Keep Calm and Carry On played into the national mood after the 2008 financial crisis. Its message of stoic calm felt reassuring to some amid economic turmoil, and it became a symbol of enduring hardship with dignity for many. Gordon Brown, UK Prime Minister from 2007-10, was said to have displayed a copy of the poster on his office wall, while celebrities such as Radio DJ Chris Evans, Rupert Grint and James May helped popularise the message by wearing it on T-shirts. "While the poster's slogan might be associated with a British stoicism and a stiff upper lip, you could argue that it is more specifically a visual association with England. It is part of a national mythologising of wartime spirit which continues to shape so much of our cultural memory and identity," Katy Parry, professor of Media and Communication at the University of Leeds tells the BBC.Getty ImagesIn the 2000s, celebrities such as Radio DJ Chris Evans and Rupert Grint helped popularise the message by wearing it on T-shirts (Credit: Getty Images)Fuelled by the reach of the internet, the phrase gained global traction and captured the attention of the international media. Today, the message adorns countless T-shirts, mugs, key rings and walls – even in Germany. Since its rediscovery, the poster and its caption have morphed into a meme template and have been endlessly reimagined. Keep Calm and Drink Tea. Keep Calm and Code On. Keep Calm and Have a Cupcake.Simplicity of designThe slogan has also been appropriated by protesters, "subverting the original propaganda message by adapting it to new situations and new social challenges ('Keep calm and resist')", says Parry. "This shows how existing familiarity with a phrase can provide a shorthand tactic to attract attention, and hopefully get your message across in a memorable and often humorous way."The poster's plainness has also contributed to its resonance. "The simplicity of the design is crucial to its adaptability, with the crown at the top, and five large words, in white sans serif typeface, on a red background. Red is a powerful colour and catches the eye. [That's] why it is adaptable to contemporary visual culture, where a vast array of media messages compete for our attention," Parry explains.AlamySince its rediscovery, the poster and its caption have morphed into a meme template and have been endlessly reimagined (Credit: Alamy)And the endless copying and commodifying that took the poster from serious wartime messaging to a kitschy consumer product is hardly new. "Pictures like Van Gogh's Self-Portraits, Munch's The Scream… these are very intense works, and yet they have been endlessly subverted," British graphic designer and typographer Jonathan Barnbook tells the BBC. He adds that human beings can take the most serious of contexts and subvert them into something unexpected – tenderness, humour, or even absurdity. "Turning pain into play, or anguish into understanding, it helps us connect with each other," he says.The endless parodying and reworking has proven deeply unpopular with some, however, who see it as a symbol of British elitism, wartime propaganda, or a tone-deaf response to genuine crises. Over the years, critics have mocked its stiff-upper-lip ethos, questioning whether "keeping calm" is always the right answer. For others, its endless parodies – from Now Panic and Freak Out to Keep Calm and Drink Wine – have drained it of all meaning. AlamyThe simplicity of its design and message have made the poster endlessly adaptable (Credit: Alamy)In a 2016 essay for the Guardian entitled "the sinister message behind the slogan that seduced the nation", Owen Hatherley defined the poster's message as "austerity nostalgia". The Power of Keep Calm and Carry On, Hatherley writes, "comes from a yearning for an actual or imaginary English patrician attitude of stiff upper lips and muddling through. This is, however, something that largely survives only in the popular imagination, in a country devoted to services and consumption, where elections are decided on the basis of house-price value, and given to sudden, mawkish outpourings of sentiment. The poster isn't just a case of the return of the repressed, it is rather the return of repression itself."Still, its survival speaks volumes about the cultural appeal of reassurance in chaotic times. In its many reincarnations, the poster's core message – calm perseverance in the face of adversity – continues to strike a chord. It has thrived in meme culture because its message is timelessly adaptable; calm resilience suits both crisis and comedy. "There is a nostalgic aspect to meme culture, where old memes re-emerge for new causes to signal an association with a certain set of values. This is playful, but it can be serious at the same time," Parry says.She adds that Dr Bex Lewis, who wrote the 2017 book Keep Calm and Carry On: The Truth Behind the Poster, points out that although it may have been thought of as patronising at the time, it now "appeals to our sense of irony".It reflects nostalgia for a time when people "pulled together"; "had a cup of tea" and simply "got on with it". Yet its global popularity shows that while it embodies a certain British spirit, it also rises above national identity – and seems destined to stay part of the cultural landscape.Barnbrook believes the poster, simple to create by a human or computer, is ripe for "being endlessly outputted or having every conceivable idea put expressed easily in a very strong direct way". A single piece of design, deceptively simple and steeped in history, has come to symbolise everything from resilience to resignation, and continues to endure in an age of global uncertainty.--If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week.For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook and Instagram.ArtArt and designBritish cultureFeaturesWatchA look inside Michelangelo's 'secret room'The BBC gets access to Michelangelo's 'secret hiding room' under the Medici Chapel in Florence.2 Nov 2024Art & DesignAI v The Mind: Meet the world's first artist robotWe find out how AI blurs the line between creation and automation, raising questions about the essence of art.18 Oct 2024InnovationShahmaran: The mythical symbol inspiring Turkish artistsThe 'Shahmaran', half-woman and half-snake, is a mythical figure popular in the folklore of Turkey. 12 Jul 2024Art & DesignWhat do we mean when we talk about 'Islamic art'?Art critic Alastair Sooke travels to Doha to discover some of the treasures of the Museum of Islamic Art.20 Dec 2023Art & DesignBlue Quran: A rare 1,000-year-old masterpieceArt critic Alastair Sooke learns about a masterpiece of the Islamic world at Doha's Museum of Islamic Art.20 Dec 2023Art & DesignInside the harem where East meets WestJoin art critic Alastair Sooke in Istanbul as he uncovers the intriguing relationship between East and West.21 Nov 2023CultureTaiwan's last cinema poster painterPartially blind, he vows to continue until he can no longer see.10 Nov 2023ArtJapanese sashiko: The art of stitching storiesSashiko is a 400-year-old Japanese stitching technique. What makes it unique?10 Nov 2023StyleThe naked portrait covered up for centuriesArtemisia Gentileschi: Revealing the true beauty of a censored painting.3 Nov 2023ArtWhat’s behind Mona Lisa’s indescribable smile?Art critics explain why people see Mona Lisa’s smile in different ways.20 May 2023ArtThe dark history of Comuna 13Comuna 13 is a thriving hub of graffiti artists, music and culture. But it hasn't always been this way.30 Nov 2022Art & DesignChromophobia: Who stole the colour from classical art?The way we see ancient Greek and Roman sculpture isn't actually the way it was first created.6 Sep 2022ArtThe world's oldest tattoo parlourThe Razzouk family are tattoo artists whose history of inking Christian pilgrims stretches back over 700 years.10 Jun 2022ArtThe island utopia that became a social experimentHow a remote island became a world-renowned art colony.24 Feb 2022ArtThe microcosm and the macrocosm of Frida and DiegoHow an iconic artist couple maintained an open marriage and inspired each other.24 Feb 2022ArtHow the world's most creative groups came up with ideasThe often overlooked factor behind history's most innovative art, from the Sistine Chapel to the Bauhaus.24 Feb 2022ArtThe ￡2m erotic drawings hidden from the worldA massive haul of drawings by Bloomsbury Group artist Duncan Grant is finally made public.24 Feb 2022ArtHow a virtual art class changed a man's lifeHow virtual art classes have helped students with learning disabilities during the pandemic.24 Feb 2022Art'We're reinventing the rules about naked pictures'Is it OK to look at paintings of sexual violence in a post #MeToo era?24 Feb 2022ArtThe hidden treasure kept in China's Forbidden CityA glimpse of a rare artwork before it’s hidden for three years in the Forbidden City24 Feb 2022ArtMore from the BBC19 hrs agoThe controversial sweet that fuels NorwegiansKnown as 'the trip chocolate', Kvikk Lunsj has fuelled outdoor adventures for generations. So, what makes this chocolate so controversial?19 hrs ago20 hrs agoHow women's pockets became so controversialWhy do men's clothes have so many pockets, and women's so few? For centuries, the humble pocket has been a flashpoint in the gender divide of fashion. Is that finally set to change?20 hrs ago21 hrs agoEarth has now passed peak farmland. What's next?The world's use of farmland has peaked, bringing the chance to turn over more space to nature. How far could the trend go?21 hrs ago2 days agoThe road trip that celebrates a musical legendMany towns and cities along the Blues Trail have planned festivals, exhibitions and live music to mark the 100th birthday of the homegrown musical legend.2 days ago2 days ago'He is an awful man': Why we are wrong about DarcyMostly miserable and even "unforgivably cruel", Jane Austen's famous romantic hero is not what he seems, writes the author Sebastian Faulks, in an exclusive extract.2 days agoBritish Broadcasting CorporationHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureArtsTravelEarthAudioVideoLiveWeatherBBC ShopBritBoxBBC in other languagesFollow BBC on:Terms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpContact the BBCAdvertise with usDo not share or sell my infoBBC.com Help & FAQsContent IndexCopyright 2025 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking.
