午夜福利总站-午夜国产-午夜国产爆乳-午夜国产传媒-午夜国产大片-午夜国产福利片-午夜国产福利在线-午夜国产精品福利-午夜国产精品视频-午夜国产理伦

enciclopédia

'The space is like an instrument' How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it.txt

eklitl

12 Oct 2025(atualizado 12/10/2025 às 02h26)

'The space is like an instrument': How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled itSkip to conte

Temas

Compartilhe

Should_we_all_live_in_15-minute_cities.txt'The space is like an instrument' How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it.txt

'The space is like an instrument' How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it.txt

'The tchutchuc?o pet shop cassinospace is like an instrument': How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled itSkip to contentBritish Broadcasting CorporationRegisterSign InHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureArtsTravelEarthAudioVideoLiveHomeNewsIsrael-Gaza WarWar in UkraineUS & CanadaUKUK PoliticsEnglandN. IrelandN. Ireland PoliticsScotlandScotland PoliticsWalesWales PoliticsAfricaAsiaChinaIndiaAustraliaEuropeLatin AmericaMiddle EastIn PicturesBBC InDepthBBC VerifySportBusinessExecutive LoungeTechnology of BusinessFuture of BusinessInnovationTechnologyScience & HealthArtificial IntelligenceAI v the MindCultureFilm & TVMusicArt & DesignStyleBooksEntertainment NewsArtsArts in MotionTravelDestinationsAfricaAntarcticaAsiaAustralia and PacificCaribbean & BermudaCentral AmericaEuropeMiddle EastNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorld’s TableCulture & ExperiencesAdventuresThe SpeciaListTo the Ends of The Earth EarthNatural WondersWeather & ScienceClimate SolutionsSustainable BusinessGreen LivingAudioPodcast CategoriesRadioAudio FAQsVideoLiveLive NewsLive SportHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureArtsTravelEarthAudioVideoLiveWeatherNewsletters'The space is like an instrument': How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it6 March 2025ShareSaveRichard GrayShareSaveGetty ImagesPerformers and visitors to the famous gothic cathedral in the midst of the River Seine may find some subtle differences to the way sound bounces around its walls.The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has borne witness to many turning points in history. The building's striking gothic stonework has stood sentry on an island in the midst of the River Seine since the late 12th Century as coronations, wars and revolutions have unfolded in its shadow. What you might not realise, however, is that the cathedral has played a key part in shaping the music you hear when you turn on the radio or stream a playlist.Notre-Dame was, for a brief time, the beating heart of a musical revolution – one that changed music forever and laid the foundations for many of the songs we listen to today.Up until the middle of the 12th Century in Medieval Europe, it was common to hear the haunting melodic chants of the clergy echoing through churches and cathedrals. Gregorian chant, or plainsong, was the musical style of the day, where sacred texts were sung either by a single voice or a choir in unison – something known as monophony.But faced with the Notre-Dame's soaring nave, ribbed vaults and towering columns, a group of composers began to try something different to take advantage of the way sound rattled around inside the building. They introduced multiple lines of melody simultaneously to produce elaborate polyphonic arrangements, or motets – the early beginnings of a musical texture that is a common feature in modern music, from jazz to pop and hip-hop."They had to figure out a way to sing in there that worked with the architecture," says Brian Katz, an expert on acoustics and research director at the Institut D'Alembert at Sorbonne University in France.Katz has spent more than a decade studying the acoustics of Notre-Dame, painstakingly hanging microphones and taking measurements to reconstruct what it would have sounded like to play music, sing and preach inside the cathedral at different points in its evolution. Now, Katz hopes to return with his microphones and equipment as Notre-Dame enters a new phase. The cathedral recently reopened for the first time after the devastating fire that destroyed the roof, spire and much of the interior of the cathedral in April 2019. The reconstruction – which reportedly cost €700m (£582m, $758) – saw the building restored stone by stone to how it had been before the blaze.But Katz believes something may have changed – the way it sounds.0:21Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire"It's hard to tell exactly how it has changed but we expect it to be more reverberant," he says. Katz has visited Notre-Dame several times to attend masses and performances since it officially reopened on 7 December 2024. The experience has been "incredibly moving", he says.But as he sat in different parts of the cathedral, he also couldn't shake the sensation that it sounded different. A new sound system and the extensive cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes during the restoration work have certainly contributed to that, but he believes that the way sound interplays with the fabric of the building itself is also subtly different."The organist has already stated that it will take a bit of time to adapt to the subtle changes in the restored acoustics and organ," he says. "This is very typical of say a new concert hall, where the resident orchestra – and audience – need a few months to adjust to new conditions. The space is like an instrument, and one needs to become familiar with it to get the best out of it."Katz and his research group at Sorbonne University have worked alongside the architects and builders charged with restoring the cathedral since the fire. They were eager not to lose the unique acoustics of Notre-Dame as the physical building was pieced back together."The next day [after the fire], I started getting calls," says Katz. "Colleagues were saying, 'you have those acoustic measurements at Notre-Dame and nobody else has any'."Katz and his colleagues had gathered these during a series of extensive acoustic surveys of the building in 2015, where they hung microphones in 16 different positions at a time and played sounds from an omnidirectional loudspeaker – a sphere with 12 separate speakers pointing in different directions. They repeated this multiple times in different locations to build up a full acoustic model of the cathedral's interior.There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way – Henri ChaletFor those who perform inside Notre-Dame cathedral, it is an enlivening experience. The complex stonework and vaulted ceilings make it a challenging but interesting place to sing."The greatest privilege is to be able to sing in the evening after closing time, to prepare a concert, and to enjoy the empty cathedral and make its stones vibrate with music," says Henri Chalet, director of the Ma?trise Notre-Dame de Paris music school, which has had an association with the cathedral since it was founded in the 12th Century. "There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way. It is clearly alive."Gustavo Dudamel, the Venezuelan conductor who led the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France at the reopening of Notre-Dame on 7 December 2024, and who led performances there before the fire, agrees there is something special about the building."Notre Dame is one of the most magical performance spaces in the world," he says. "Of course there are challenges to coordinating any kind of live performance in such a reverberant acoustic, but the sheer transcendental nature of the cathedral turns that work into a gift."Hear Notre-Dame’s sonic historyNotre-Dame cathedral's inherent sound has changed greatly over the centuries as it has been extended, renovated and draped in different furnishings. Brian Katz and his colleagues have used the data obtained in their research to create a virtual concert and documentary that can transport viewers to several points in Notre-Dame's history to hear how it would have sounded inside. They also produced an audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history that visitors to the cathedral can listen to on their smartphones via an app as they stroll around inside.The Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary premiered in Paris in January 2025 and will be available online this spring. In the aftermath of the fire in 2019, Katz's team visited the cathedral again, sending their microphones bobbing around debris and scaffolding on a robot normally used to inspect sewer pipes. When they did the measurements, it became apparent just how much of Notre-Dame's special sound had been lost."It's dark, you can still smell the carbon and smoke and there's basically 3-4 big holes in the roof," recalls Katz. Those holes combined with the blanket of soot had a dulling effect on the sound. The reverberation time – how long it takes for an acoustic signal to decay within a space – decreased by around 8% compared with before the fire.When they plugged the data into their "digital twin" of Notre-Dame, they found the acoustics were similar to another key moment in the Cathedral's past."It corresponds to the most [sound] absorbing condition we have predicted in Notre-Dame," says Katz. "If you look at Napoleon's coronation – the records of that and the paintings of that show every surface is covered in fabric. When we try to replicate that, we end up with something quite similar to the post fire condition."In other-words, the voice of Notre-Dame had been muffled by the blaze.Getty ImagesIt took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)Over the months that followed the fire, there were no shortages of proposals for how the grand cathedral could be reconstructed. Architects suggested radical changes such as a glass roof or even a garden on top of the building before the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the cathedral would be restored to its condition before the fire. Even so, Katz and his colleagues were called upon to help with critical decisions that could influence the overall acoustics inside the cathedral. "One of the things that we were tasked with in the reconstruction was to evaluate the proposals for the new choir organ," says Katz. "They were thinking about moving it and making it larger." One of the proposals was to put the organ up in the triforium – the gallery tucked high above the nave, the main open space of the cathedral – rather than beneath it, where it had been before the fire."Putting it up higher would mean it had a better view," says Katz. "But the prediction we got from our digital twin was that most of the energy from an organ up there would stay up in the upper space. It would just go from triforium to triforium and didn't really get down to the audience in the way they wanted. So, in the end, they kept it where it was before."It is a clear illustration of just what a complex space Notre-Dame is from an acoustic perspective. The triforium in Notre-Dame runs on either side of the nave, but then stops at the transept."It creates this barrier between the choir side and the nave side, which affects how sound propagates from one to the other," says Katz. He experienced this for himself before the fire when he watched a performance of choir soloists."During the performance they would move back and forth, taking four or five steps," he says. "When they came closer to us, all of a sudden we were in a small room with them, and they would take a couple of steps back, and their voices excited the whole space, and they felt much farther away. You really get the feel of that barrier."Getty ImagesThe Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)While Notre-Dame was reconstructed to replicate how it had been before the fire, there are a few crucial changes that Katz believes have altered the sound inside the cathedral. Among those is the removal of a long carpet that ran around much of the outer perimeter of the building's interior. It had been installed in the late eighties to absorb footfall noise from tourists on the hard marble floor.More like this:Gargoyles, stained glass and the spire: How Notre-Dame was restoredWhere the sound of nature is too quietListen to the mournful song of Antarctica's icebergsDuring their research, Katz and his colleagues had discovered recordings from an acoustic survey conducted in 1987 when there were proposals to install a new organ in the cathedral. When they compared the data with the survey Katz had conducted in 2015, it revealed a strange difference."There was a noticeable shift in the reverberation time, in a way that should be perceptible," Katz says. With the carpet now gone and the bare marble floor once more exposed, Katz says it is likely the reverberation will have increased again to how it was nearly half a century ago.Many of the other soft furnishings such as wall hangings have also gone after being damaged in the fire while 1,500 solid wood chairs now sit where there were once rows of chairs with woven seats.Another change that may affect the acoustics lies with the stonework itself. During the reconstruction process the building was given what effectively amounts to a giant facemask."They had to remove all the lead dust so what they effectively did was spray liquid latex onto the walls and peel it off like a skin," says Katz. "It gets into all the crevices and pulls out all the dust in there. The paint work and plasterwork is new too. So in that respect we expect it to be much more reverberant than it was before the fire."Getty ImagesThe stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)For those performing in the cathedral, it has taken only a little time to get used to singing with the unique acoustics inside Notre-Dame again after a five-year absence."The Ma?trise used to sing there all the time," says Chalet. "Then for more than five years, we discovered many different places in Paris, in France and even abroad. This allowed us to learn to adapt very quickly to a new acoustic. Now we take advantage of each service and each concert to tame this demanding but benevolent acoustic."Both he and Dudamel say they haven't noticed any significant difference in how the space sounds during performances. Dudamel says due to the difference in the set up between the performances he led in the cathedral before and after the fire, it is particularly difficult to compare."No doubt acoustic studies will show differences, but honestly, the cathedral is very large and has been rebuilt exactly as it was," adds Chalet. "It is just that the stone has been cleaned which can make the sound reflect a little differently. But my memories of it before the fire are broadly the same."Getty ImagesThe organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)But both men have another theory for why the auditory experience inside the cathedral may feel different to visitors today."Due to the lighting – which is a lot brighter – and the cleanliness of the windows, which puts a huge amount of added brightness in the space, I think there is a palpable difference in how the musicians and audience feed that information into what they are hearing, perhaps creating the impression that the sound is brighter and clearer now," says Dudamel.Chalet agrees. "The sight of a cathedral, the discovery of the restored chapels that you could not see before because they were so dark, gives the impression that the cathedral has become wider. The sight clearly has an impact on listening."Certainly, there is some research that suggests visual information can affect our experience of what we hear. Of course, to determine exactly how much it has changed will require more tests by Katz and his colleagues. But in many ways, he feels, the cathedral has been given a new life acoustically, that is potentially allowing visitors to experience sound in Notre-Dame in a way that probably hasn't been possible for hundreds of years."In some ways it is like a brand-new cathedral," says Katz. "One that is 800 years old."--If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week. For more science, technology, environment and health stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook, X and Instagram.SoundArchitectureHistorySensesReligionScienceFeaturesArtsClassical musicWatchJapan's photo tomb that contained a historic legacyThe Japanese photographer who buried hundreds of photos and the journey to revive his legacy.2 days agoTime FrameWhat happened at Hiroshima?Eighty years ago, the US dropped a nuclear bomb on Japan, the only nuclear weapon ever used in warfare.6 Aug 2025HistoryExplaining how a touchscreen works with a sausageBritish mathematician Hannah Fry digs into the science of touchscreens.4 Aug 2025SciencePope Joan: the woman who fooled the churchA woman who allegedly was the head of the Catholic Church became one of the most controversial Middle Ages tales.7 May 2025HistoryThe secret WW2 magazine ridiculing Hitler's motherHiding in an attic, Jewish man Curt Bloch found inspiration through crafting anti-Nazi parody.6 May 2025HistoryWhat's inside a black hole?Black holes are one of the mysteries of the universe where all the laws of nature as we know them stop working.9 Apr 2025ScienceUsing bubbles to remove forever chemicals from our waterBBC Click visits a UK research team working on a solution to remove toxic chemicals known as PFAS from water.27 Mar 2025ScienceHow sex with Neanderthals changed us foreverWe find out what we gained when Homo sapiens mated with Homo neanderthalensis many thousands of years ago.18 Mar 2025ScienceThe insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian EnglandValentine’s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.14 Feb 2025HistoryTheory of Evolution: How did Charles Darwin come up with it?The British naturalist embarked on an extraordinary journey, did hundreds of experiments, and wrote for 20 years.12 Feb 2025ScienceThe WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missilesAn unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.4 Feb 2025HistoryHow a performance lab is putting musicians to the test BBC Click visits a simulator lab that allows musicians to practice performance in real-world conditions.17 Jan 2025InnovationHomo juluensis: Possible 'new ancient human' identifiedResearchers may have identified a new human species that lived around 300,000 years ago in Asia.6 Jan 2025ScienceThe technology powering the iconic Sydney Opera HouseBBC Click heads behind the scenes of the Sydney Opera House to explore the tech powering the famous landmark.3 Jan 2025TechnologyHow Arctic communities protect themselves from avalanchesBBC Click finds out how local communities in Svalbard use technology to combat avalanches and heavy snowfall.31 Dec 2024ScienceHow the surreal 'Dali Atomicus' was capturedIn 1948 a famous artist and an innovative portrait photographer attempted to create something unbelievable.10 Dec 2024Time FrameWorld War One relics live on in the fields of EuropeThe battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.12 Nov 2024HistoryA look inside Michelangelo's 'secret room'The BBC gets access to Michelangelo's 'secret hiding room' under the Medici Chapel in Florence.2 Nov 2024Art & DesignThe picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US historyHow a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.23 Oct 2024HistoryThe history of swing states in the USThe US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.21 Oct 2024HistoryMore from the BBC16 hrs agoThe controversial sweet that fuels NorwegiansKnown as 'the trip chocolate', Kvikk Lunsj has fuelled outdoor adventures for generations. So, what makes this chocolate so controversial?16 hrs ago17 hrs agoHow women's pockets became so controversialWhy do men's clothes have so many pockets, and women's so few? For centuries, the humble pocket has been a flashpoint in the gender divide of fashion. Is that finally set to change?17 hrs ago18 hrs agoEarth has now passed peak farmland. What's next?The world's use of farmland has peaked, bringing the chance to turn over more space to nature. How far could the trend go?18 hrs ago21 hrs agoExhibition reveals 700 years of city's historyIt is said to offer a "snapshot" into medieval village life.21 hrs ago1 day agoRocks studied to reveal prehistoric mysteriesFrench archaeologists are heading over to the island to look at the stones.1 day agoBritish Broadcasting CorporationHomeNewsSportBusinessInnovationCultureArtsTravelEarthAudioVideoLiveWeatherBBC ShopBritBoxBBC in other languagesFollow BBC on:Terms of UseAbout the BBCPrivacy PolicyCookiesAccessibility HelpContact the BBCAdvertise with usDo not share or sell my infoBBC.com Help & FAQsContent IndexCopyright 2025 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking. 

NEWSLETTER GRATUITA

Nexo | Hoje

'There were days where I felt I could never leave' Intimate images of 'the real Hotel California'.txt

Sierra_Leone_vs_Ethiopia_CAF_World_Cup_Qualifiers_stats_amp_head-to-head_-_BBC_Sport.txt abrangente e os foco abrangente.

GRáFICOS

nos eixos

AI-assisted firm plans eight-storey block of flats at Bridge.txt

Singing_gear_found_in_suspicious_bag_that_led_to_evacuation_.txt abrangente e os foco abrangente.

Navegue por temas

Sinkholes_-_BBC_News.txt Singing_-_BBC_News.txt Serbia_0-5_England_World_Cup_qualifier_paused_by_referee_after_laser_pen_shone_at_Ezri_Konsa_-_BBC_Sport.txt Singing_-_BBC_News.txt Slam Filíochta 'You're never too old to learn a new language'.txt Sinkholes_-_BBC_News.txt Serbia 0-5 England Thomas Tuchel enjoys finest England night and now faces selection decisions - BBC Sport.txt Slam_Filochta_Youre_never_too_old_to_learn_a_new_language.txt Sierra_Leone_vs_Ethiopia_CAF_World_Cup_Qualifiers_stats_amp_head-to-head_-_BBC_Sport.txt See_where_China_plans_to_put_its_controversial_mega-embassy.txt
在线欧美日韩精品一区二区 | 亚洲区偷拍自拍29P 亚洲人成77777A片张津瑜 | 男人猛躁进女人的毛片A片小说 | 硬棒插的好深好湿 | 国产XXX69麻豆国语对白 | 又大又黄又爽免费看A片 | 黑人大黑机巴做爰 | jizz视频| 小说区图片区激情区视频区 | 亚洲AV成人一区二区三区在线观看 | 成人无码区免费A片WWW | 国产极品自拍 | 日本a级影院 | 一区两区三不卡 | 国产熟妇精品一区二区 | 不卡中文 | 97碰在线视频 | 婷婷夜夜躁天天躁人人躁 | 婷婷综合在线观看丁香 | 一级黄色毛片视频 | 国产一区二区内射最近更新 | 愉拍自拍视频在线播放 | 国产成AV人片在线观看无码 | 永久免费在线观看视频 | 国产a网 | 可以在线看黄的网站 | 全黄H全肉细节文NP 全肉的色情小說 | 波多野结衣在线影视 | 国产精品67人妻无码久久 | 精品一区 二区三区免费毛片 | 伊人情人综合成人久久网小说 | 久久国产情侣 | 三级韩国日本三级在线 | 福利网站在线 | 扬名立万在线播放 | 国产成人亚洲精品77 | 高辣H文黄暴糙汉文H | 快播官网首页 | 99久久精品国产高清一区二区 | 含羞草传媒一区二区三 | 亚洲高清有码中文字 | 欧美亚洲日本国产 | 国产欧美在线手机观看 | 白莲花乖腿打开h调教 | 久久91精品国产91久久户 | 成年人黄色片网站 | 99精品久久99久久久久 | 三级在线看中文字幕完整版 | 欧美在线观看一区二区 | 成人国内精品久久久久影院 | www.youjizz.日本| 国产成人AV激情在线播放 | 亚洲精品中文字幕乱码三区 | 日本一道高清一区二区三区 | 麻豆精品传媒2024艾秋刺青 | 免费看一级黄色毛片 | 少妇精品久久久一区二区三区 | 四虎影视影院免费观看 | 免费看高清片国产剧情 | 91中文字幕在线 | 91精品网站天堂系列在线播放 | 中文字幕熟女人妻理论片 | 少妇无套内谢久久久久 | 亚洲精品无码高潮喷水A片在线 | 日本a视频在线 | 亚洲一区二区三区成人 | 欧美成人精品一区二区综合A片 | 任你搞视频这里只有精品 | 亚洲 欧美 国产 动漫 综合 | 亚洲欧美日韩精品久久亚洲区 | 桃子视频免费观看完整版HD | 亚洲自偷精品视频自拍 | 亚洲天堂在线观看完整版 | 国产毛片又爽又大A片 | 国产主播AV福利精品一区 | 国内精品人妻无码久久久影院蜜桃 | 国外精品视频在线观看免费 | 青青草大香焦在线综合视频 | 四虎影视在线看完整视频 | 日本欧美一区 | 久久精品久久精品久久 | 汗だく爆乳中出しプレスめぐり | 免费又粗又硬进去好爽A片 免费又色又爽又黄的视频 免费中文字幕囯产在线网站 | 18禁男女无遮挡羞羞视频免 | 韩国黄色网址 | 樱花草在线社区www日本视频 | 人人看人人看 | 欧美一级片网 | freesex呦交群乱 | 中文字幕高清免费日韩视频在线 | 色鬼网站 | 一女被两男吃奶添下A片免费网站 | GAY高潮痉挛哭叫失禁男小说 | 九九国产在线 | 国产精品VIDEOSSEX久久发布 | 欧美日本一区二区三区生 | 亚洲中文字幕一二三四区苍井空 | 色之综合| 欧美亚洲国产专区在线app | 韩国理伦片在线观看影片 | 日本黄视频网站 | 国产日韩欧美在线播放 | 亚洲三级小视频 | 日本三级在线观看免费 | 久久99久久99| 亚洲日本香蕉视频观看视频 | 久久三级国产 | 中文字幕在线欧美 | 成人免费播放视频777777 | 韩国三级伦理久久影院 | 日本无码特黄午夜视频在线观看 | 滨崎真绪| 自由夫人在线观看 | 免费涩涩屋草莓榴莲秋葵绿巨人 | 日本在线高清不卡 | 荡公乱妇第1章方情公憩系列大 | 成人A片产无码免费奶头小说 | 公与我做爽了A片视频 | 久久五月丁香激情综合 | 久久五月综合婷婷中文云霸高清 | 国产欧美一区二区三区视频 | 十九天漫画在线观看免费 | 亚洲有码区 | 四虎紧急自动转跳在线视频 | 狠狠狠色丁香婷婷综合激情 | 奇米影视777四色米奇影院 | 丁香社区小说 | 激情六月婷婷 | 久久精彩在线视频6 | 夜夜夜精品视频免费 | 在线看片亚洲 | 日本丰满人妻无码中文字幕 | 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁2023 | 97无码人妻精品1国产精东影业 | 欧美视频在线观看欧美大片 | 99久久www免费人成精品 | 一本色道久久综合亚洲精品加 | 天堂网在线资源 | 中文字幕网在线 | 久久99精品国产麻豆宅宅 | 好好的日视频www | 美国亚洲成年毛片 | 日日夜夜免费精品 | 日本一区午夜爱爱 | 国产内地激情精品毛片在线一 | 欧美xxxx色视频在线观看 | www色网站 | 成人福利在线 | 亚洲精品无码成人A片九色播放 | 艳妇臀荡乳欲伦交换AV1 | 国产亚洲精品久久久久久无亚洲 | 2022国产福利在线观看 | 亚洲AV永久综合在线观看尤物 | 久热久| 男女狂进狂出动态图GIF | 中文字幕 欧美精品 第1页 | 国产美女流白浆的免费视 | 性69式视频在线观看免费 | 久久视频在线视频观看2019 | 永久免费看A片无码播放器不卡 | 亚欧日韩毛片在线看免费网站 | 人善交zzzxxx另类 | 国产成人AV三级在线影院 | 欧美在线看视频 | 黄站视频 | 久久不卡免费视频 | 欧美成人性色xxxxx视频大 | 强行扒开双腿尽情玩弄视频 | 免费看又色又爽又黄的国产 | а8天堂资源在线官网 | 四虎日韩 | 在线观看中文字幕码 | 亚洲欧美一区二区三区九九九 | 精品视频在线观看你懂的一区 | 秋霞网在线伦理免费 | 国产污视频| 亚洲精品久久久久久久久无码精品 | 久久久国产一区二区三区四区小说 | 韩日a级片 | 午夜精品乱人伦小说区 | 日韩欧美成人免费中文字幕 | 1769国产精品一区2区 | 婷婷精品在线 | 一区二区三区不卡视频 | 成人免费电影 | 2024高清国产一区二区三区 | 久久久这里只有精品加勒比 | 免费国产成人高清在线观看网站 | 无码成A毛片免费 | 亚洲婷婷六月的婷婷 | 久久精品熟女亚州AV麻豆 | 经典三级一区二区三区视频 | 亚洲1卡2卡三卡3卡4卡网站 | 91福利小视频 | 久久久久一区二区三区 | 999久久狠狠免费精品 | 久久精品9| 在线播放免费看高清大片 | 精品视频99 | 五月天婷婷在线视频 | 日本99久久九九精品无码 | 日本成片免费高清 | 久久精品9 | 日韩精品视频免费观看 | 91精品网站天堂系列在线播放 | 中国一级毛片在线观看 | 亚洲 日本 欧美 中文幕 | 天天影视香色欲综合网 | 麻花传剧mv在线看高清 | 女人18毛片水真多免费播放 | 美美哒免费高清影院在线观看8 | 亚洲国产欧美另类 | A片又大又粗又爽免费视频 A片做爰片仑理片免费看 | 91美女在线视频 | 粗大的内捧猛烈进出少妇在线播放 | 国产精品女上位在线观看 | 国产女人喷潮视频免费 | 公妇仑乱小说你yin我荡 | 午夜福利理论片高清在线 | 一卡二卡国产3卡4卡乱码 | 国产一区二区三区在线看片 | 国产极品JK白丝喷白浆免费视频 | 秋霞2018秋霞网理伦片 | 综合自拍亚洲综合图区 | 久久婷婷国产剧情内射白浆 | 青青草国产免费国产是公开 | 国产51社区精品视频资源 | 欧美日韩视频二区三区 | 欧美搡BBBBB摔BBBBB | 亚洲永久免费 | 日日噜噜夜夜狠狠视频欧美人 | 99国产视频 | 91制片厂果冻传媒七夕 | 亚洲精品久久久久一区二区三 | 国产成人福利在线视老湿机 | 国产黄A片三級三級三級 | 欧美日韩一二区旡码高清在线 | 久久综合色一综合色88中文 | 国产99在线a视频 | 丁香花成人论坛 | 欧美日韩免费在线观看 | 亚洲精品www久久久久久 | 黄视频网站免费观看 | 禁止的爱6浴室吃奶中文字幕 | 欧美一区二区三区视频在线观看 | 日韩精品毛片 | 斯大林格勒战役免费高清观看 | 欧美bbbbbxxxxx | 国产麻豆老师在线观看 | 九九九九在线视频播放 | 久久综合老色鬼网站 | 欧美在线精品一区二区在线观看 | 四虎影视最新的2024版地址 | 伊人成人生综合网图片 | 国产大片B站观看 | 午夜精品一区二区三区免费视频 | 丁香花在线影院观看在线播放 | 免费一级淫片aaa片毛片a级 | 日本不卡高清 | 影音先锋 av撸色 | 中文在线资源链接天堂 | 五月丁香啪啪. | 中国少妇VIDEOS露脸HD | 午夜影院试ty| 4虎最新| 免费观看中文字幕午夜理论 | 色欲综合视频天天天 | 内射白浆一区二区在线观看 | GAY高潮痉挛哭叫失禁男小说 | 香蕉成人伊视频在线观看 | 久久久久久久岛国免费播放 | 美女精品久久久久久国产潘金莲 | 欧洲色情大片啪啪免费观看 | 蜜臀国产一区二区三区无码A片 | 性一乱一交一A片.看A片 | 亚洲精品久久区二区三区蜜桃臀 | 国产永久在线观看 | 高清不卡伦理电影在线观看 | 韩国女人高潮嗷嗷叫视频 | 免费看一区无码无A片WWW | 嗯求你插我H文 | 成人午夜天 | 国产香蕉97碰碰久久人人 | 色狠狠亚洲爱综合网站 | 亚洲欧美日韩在线不卡中文 | 99re6热精彩视频在线观看 | 亚洲中文字幕在线第六区 | 欧美精品亚洲精品日韩 | 久99久精品免费视频热77 | 影音先锋资源男人网 | 中文字字幕在线中文乱码2019 | 日本a在线看 | 国产成人精品三级在线 | 亚洲性生活视频 | 成人h视频在线 | 在线看黄免费 | 欧美黑人巨大精品videos一 | 2024国精产品一二二线精华液 | 人妻在客厅被C的呻吟 | 91精品久久久久久久99蜜桃 | 成人亚洲欧美日韩在线观看 | 亚洲天天综合 | 日本在线播放一区 | 亚洲国产精品不卡毛片a在线 | 国产AV亚洲一区精午夜麻豆 | 在线高清无码欧美久章草 | 国产波多野结衣中文在线播放 | 美女翘臀白浆直流视频 | 1234av| 四房播播最新地址 | 2024在线看日本三级 | 国产一区二区三区在线看片 | 色网综合 | 波多野结衣国产一区二区三区 | 国产一级做a爰片久久毛片男 | 久久aⅴ免费观看 | 黄色三级网址 | 日本三级韩国三级欧美三级 | 一级做a爱 一区 | 影音先锋av最新资源网 | 欧美顶级少妇做爰HD | 色情www日本欧美 | 国产自产一c区 | 欧美一区二区三区久久综合 | 婷婷四月开心色房播播网 | 毛茸茸熟女 | 伊人综合网| 视频二区日韩 | 亚洲一区二区三区麻豆 | 五男一女NP慎入H小说 | 影音先锋中文字幕亚洲资源站 | 迷你世界皮肤兑换码永久 | 婷婷开心激情综合五月天 | 91在线网站 | 古代荡女丫鬟高H辣文纯肉 古代高H啪肉NP文 | 偷拍亚洲另类无码专区 | 十九岁日本电影免费粤语高清 | 麻豆人妻无码性色AV | 日本韩国欧美三级 | 国内自拍视频在线播放 | 国产乱码一区二区三区 | 日本免费观看日本高清视频 | 久久无码AV亚洲精品色午夜麻豆 | 天天干夜夜草 | 亚洲视频99| 唐诡2电视剧免费观看 | 91热久久免费频精品动漫99 | www.黄色网址.com | 亚洲精品久久久无码AV片软件 | 2021国产精品一卡2卡三卡4卡 | 2019最新福利天堂视频92视频 | 国产乱视频在线观看 | 亚洲精品久久午夜无码一区二区 | 少妇高潮灌满白浆毛片免费看 | 国产精品天天狠天天看 | 久久a热 | 人妻丰满精品一区二区A片 人妻换人妻AA视频 人妻激情综合久久久久蜜桃 | 总裁高H掹C纯肉小黄书 | 国产免费成人在线视频 | 最近韩国日本免费观看百度 | 韩国无删减 | 亚洲爱爱爱 | 波多野结衣中文字幕教师 | 欧美深深色噜噜狠狠yyy | 91精品国产亚一区二区三区 | YASEE亚瑟中文网 | stormydaniels在线看| 亚洲永久精品日本无码 | 超碰caopro熟女m超碰分类 | 91免费永久国产在线观看 | 无码色情一区二区在线看 | 色婷婷久久久swag精品 | 国精品午夜福利视频不卡麻豆 | 麻豆综合网| 亚洲无码一区二区 | 影音先锋资源男人网 | 一级毛片免费毛片毛片 | 蜜臀AV色欲A片无人一区 | 国精一区二区AV在线观看网站 | 中日韩一卡二卡三卡四卡在线观看 | 美丽的小蜜桃2 | 天堂网在线www资源在线 | 国产亚洲精品AV片在线观看播放 | 婷婷五月在线视频 | 国产极品久久 | 日本一区二区三区不卡在线看 | 国产伦理一区 | 国产乱码卡1卡二卡3卡4卡5 | 夜夜骑天天干 | 亚洲一区高清 | 国精品人妻无码一区二区三区三 | 国产免费福利在线视频 | 高清电影在线播放 | 午夜第九理论达达兔影院 | 97在线免费视频 | 一区二区三区成人A片在线观看 | 日韩成人A片一区二区三区 日韩艹 | 午夜刺激爽爽视频免费观看 | 日韩国产人妻一区二区三区 | 国产揄拍国产精品 | 婷婷中文字幕 | 亚洲午夜精品A片久久W | 粗大的内捧猛烈进出A片黄 粗大的内捧猛烈进出A片小说 | 操美女免费视频 | 精品蜜臀AV在线天堂 | 四房播播看 | 无码日本大胆XXXX | 九九99亚洲精品久久久久 | 国产精品久久久久无码AV1 | 视频一区 中文字幕 | 日本A片中文字幕精华液 | 啊灬啊别停灬用力啊免费视频 | 日本不卡高清中文字幕免费 | 国产大片黄在线观看 | 日韩欧美国产中文字幕 | 免费人成在线观看网站品爱网 | 日本高清WWW色视频网站 | 精品久久久麻豆国产精品 | 来个黄色网址 | 色综合小说天天综合网 | 欧美一级片网 | 天上人间av网 | 伦理电影中文字幕韩国在线观看 | 最近最新中文字幕免费高清1 | 一区二区在线看 | 男女做爰猛烈啪啪吃奶动A 男人j进女人j的图片 | 快穿之被系统肉到哭H | bl全肉np双性受 | 日韩欧美一区二区三区免费观看 | 日韩AV无码一区二区三区不卡毛片 | 中文字幕色网站 | 2022年亚洲午夜一区二区福利 | 国产精品免费网站 | 一起看影院 | 99久久精品国产高清一区二区 | 爱爱好爽好大好紧视频 | 永久黄色免费网站 | 黄色国产网站 | 在线观看动漫 | 天堂网2016 | 亚洲品质自拍 | 亚洲精品中文字幕制 | 美女视频永久黄网站免费观看 | 清纯校花被调教高H | 少妇高潮灌满白浆毛片免费看 | 亚洲网站在线 | 婷婷五月小说 | 亚瑟AV亚洲精品一区二区 | 爽死你个放荡粗暴小淫货h文 | 亚州春色 | 欧美性猛交AAAA片黑人 | 让人爽到湿的小黄书 | silk labo117在线观看 | 999国产精华是正规产品吗 | 国自产拍偷拍精品啪啪AV | 国产精品午夜自在在线精品 | 日本一卡二卡三卡四卡无卡免费播放 | 97国产视频| 国产成人91高清精品免费 | 伊人福利 | 成人免费黄色网 | 欧美1页| 九九re| 涩涩影视| 中文字幕2020| 操美女在线播放 | 国产无遮挡A片又黄又爽漫画 | 日韩精品极品视频在线观看免费 | 欧洲美女高清一级毛片 | 国内卡一卡二卡三免费网站 | 黄色网址免费在线播放 | 色欲AV亚洲永久无码精品 | 日日狠狠| 日本精品无码一区二区三区久久久 | 日韩伦理电影在线免费观看 | 在线免费观看日本视频 | 欧美做爰猛烈动高潮视频 | 51无码人妻精品1国产 | 国产在线观看香蕉视频 | 可以免费观看的电影网 | 在线黄色网 | 国产精品福利影院 | 日韩精品视频免费观看 | 国产AV天堂亚洲AV麻豆 | 四虎2024国产最新地址 | 狠狠地撸2015最新版 | 日韩福利视频导航 | 搞黄网站在线观看 | 亚洲国产精品久久久久久 | 777精品出轨人妻国产 | 99这里只有精品6 | 精品久久久久久无码人妻国产馆 | 一级无毛片 | 求个网站你懂的无毒 | 亚洲欧美色鬼久久综合 | 国产亚洲精品久久久久久禁果TV | 国产精品人妻无码免费A片导航 | 国产精品你懂得 | 久久精品国产一区二区三区四区 | 韩国黄色毛片 | 免费无码AV色情在线 | 精品国产国产精2020久久日 | 一区二区三区在线看 | 美国一级毛片免费视频观看 | 青草资源站 | 欧美午夜精品一区二区蜜桃 | 强壮公让我夜夜高潮A片 | 好男人视频社区精品免费 | 欧美色交| 亚洲精品色情婷婷在线播放 | 日本在线观看中文 | 亚州日韩精品AV片无码中文 | 啪啪啪视频在线观看 | 伦理网站 | 欧美真人性做爰一二区欧美影院 | 狠狠躁日日躁夜夜躁A片55动漫 | 九九香蕉 | 欧美丰满大乳无码少妇 | 天天操夜夜操视频 | 中国黄色一级 | 国产片入口 | 国产无套内射又大又猛又粗又爽 | 欧美又大又长又粗又爽A片 欧美综合图区亚洲综合图区69 | 美女黄网站永久免费观看网站 | 亚洲男人天堂2018 | 草草影院地址发布页ccyycom | 日韩欧美三级在线观看 | 高清不卡伦理电影在线观看 | 蜜桃精品AV无码喷奶水小说 | 午夜精品久久久久久久爽 | 日产精品一区到六区免费 | 欧美黑人添添高潮A片视频 欧美激情无码成人A片 | 把腿张开老子臊烂你多P视频 | 国产精品高潮呻吟爱久久AV无码 | 欧美激情综合 | 国产精品内射后入合集 | 成人免费永久在线观看视频 | 四虎必出精品亚洲高清 | 人妻被粗大猛进猛出国产 | 国产精品久久久久久久久免费hd | 青草国产超碰人人添人人碱 | 久久久乱码精品亚洲日韩 | 丁香花视频免费播放社区 | 中文字幕永久在线 | 国产精美视频 | 国产AV无遮挡喷水喷白浆小说 | 欧洲丰满少妇做爰视频爽爽 | 高清黄色一级片 | 黄网免费在线观看 | 无码人妻一区二区三区A片 无码任你躁久久久久久久 无码日本电影一区二区网站 | 在线观看v片 | 成人精品网 | 97在线视频免费观看97 | 日韩精品无码一区二区免费A片 | 国产一区二区三区不卡在线观看 | 极品少妇粉嫩小泬啪啪小说 | 蜜桃999.com| 天天操夜夜爽 | 国产精品丰满人妻AV麻豆 | 色偷偷亚洲女人天堂观看欧 | 永久免费看A片无码播放器不卡 | 欧美乱偷在线 | 成年女人色毛片免费 | 国产精品久久久久无码人妻网站 | 日本黄 色 成 年 人免费观看 | 欧美日韩一区二区三区四区在线观看 | 久久99热只有频精品6狠狠 | 国产又黄又粗又爽又色的视频软件 | 欧美三级真做在线观看 | 日韩精品一区二区三区中文 | 影音先锋av最新资源站 | 国产情侣久久 | 欧美又粗又嫩又黄A片成人 欧美躁天天躁无码中文字 欧美真人性做爰一二区欧美影院 | 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡乱码网站 | 少妇高清性色生活片成人版 | 耽肉高H喷汁呻吟受攻 | 午夜福利视频10000在线观看 | 手机播放一卡二卡三在线观看 | 久久亚洲网站 | 精品AV国产一区二区三区 | 黄色免费网站在线看 | 国产国语在线播放视频 | 国内精品久久久久久中文字幕 | 成人亚洲精品久久久久软件 | 在线观看h片 | 伦理79电影网在线观看 | 粉泬毛多水多30岁女人都是水 | 波多野结衣家教老师 | 免费的成品短视频app推荐 | 无码国产欧美一区二区三区不卡 | 国产理论剧情大片在线播放 | 33连成人导航 | 日本黄页在线观看 | 日本精品一区二区三区无码 | 欧美bbbbbxxxxx| 原来神马电影琪琪网最新电视剧 | 婷婷丁香五月啪啪综合 | 精品久久精品久久 | 久草在线在线精品观看 | 亚洲免费视频日本一区二区 | 天天综合天天射 | 国产成人mv免费视频 | 国产亚洲精品91 | 国产四虎精品8848hh | 在线看a片 | 色狠狠亚洲爱综合网站 | 特级BBBBBBBBB视频 | 欧美区在线| 午夜精品久久久内射近拍高清 | 亚洲精品无码一区二区卧室 | 国产精品自在在线午夜蜜芽tv在线 | 国产精品成熟老女人视频 | 欧美成 人 网 站 免费 | 色爱b| 国产成人久久精品AV | 水蜜桃文化传媒网站 | jizz 大全欧美 | 日韩免费观看一级毛片看看 | 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久本道 | 免费精品国产人妻国语三上优雅 | 欧美色婷婷 | 国产AV无码免费一区二区 | www夜夜操 | 午夜高清视频 | 光棍影片在线观看免费 | 99视频全部看免费观 | 久99久精品免费视频热77 | 91av国产视频 | 亚洲天堂网在线视频 | 日韩高清一区二区 | 国产黄色网 | 第四色新网站 | 国产91极品福利手机观看 | 国产激情视频在线播放 | 草莓丝瓜视频下载-丝瓜视18岁 | 免费热播电视剧大全 | 91极品视频在线观看 | 色综合h| 亚洲第一区精品观看 | 日韩欧美在线观看 | 最近中文字幕免费大全8一 最近中文字幕免费国语6 | 天天拍夜夜拍高清视频 | 久久久久久a亚洲欧洲aⅴ | 在线观看免费视频 | 波多野结衣手机视频一区 | 色五月最新网址 | 免费黄色电影网 | 波多野结衣伦理在线观看 | 国产亚洲欧美精品永久不卡 | 男人J进入女人P呻吟视频免费 | 亚洲最大激情中文字幕 | 欧美3区| 骚宝宝把我夹射好不好?年上 | 一道精品视频一区二区三区男同 | 91制片厂制作果冻传媒麻豆 | 992tv国产精品福利在线 | 一级一片一_级一片一 | 点击进入好看的电影网站 | 国产精品人成在线播放新网站 | 日本三级黄色片网站 | 日本熟妇乱妇熟色A片在线观看 | 天堂网在线最新版www中文网 | 国产乱子伦在线一区二区 | 久久综合社区 | 中文字幕无码无卡视频 | 五月丁香合缴情在线看 | 91香蕉视频免费 | 欧美精品黄页在线观看大全 | 99玖玖爱视频在线观看 | 操一操影院 | 日本在线观看视频网站 | 在线视频一区二区三区在线播放 | 欧美又粗又长又爽做受 | 天堂婷婷 | 欧美激情bd高清在线播放 | 乳色吐息在线观看全集免费观看 | 激情色播| 欧美性猛交一区二区三区精品 | 亚洲成在人线久久综合 | 国产v在线| 日韩精品一卡2卡3卡4卡乱码 | 一级做a爱过程免费视频超级 | www好男人精品视频在线观看 | 色狼村| 日韩久久一区二区三区 | 久久免费影院 | 免费无码一区二区三区蜜桃大 | 国产毛片儿 | 综合网天天 | 成年视频免费观看 | 欧美精品毛片久久久久久久 | 樱桃视频直播在线观看高清下载 | 99久久免热在线观看 | 青草青青在线 | 国产720刺激i在线视频 | 久久五月色婷婷丁香六月综优物 | 99rv精品视频在线播放 | jyzzjyzzz视频国产在线观看 | 另类色 | 波多野结衣中文字幕在线播放 | 美女吊逼| 日本黄色成年人免费观看 | 91精品福利一区二区三区野战 | 日韩精品毛片 | 中文字幕网在线 | 女人把腿张开叫男人桶免费视频 | 成年免费观看黄页网站 | 飞空精品影院首页 | 欧洲无人区卡一卡二卡三 | 欧美日韩亚洲综合2024 | v片在线播放| 嫡女在闺房里被强高H | 色在线视频网站 | 久久黄色大片 | 麻豆影视国产TV在线观看 | 国产视频网站在线观看 | 琪琪电影网午夜理论片717西瓜 | 女人做爰的全部过程A片 | 成人无码A片一区二区三区免费看 | 黄色特级毛片 | 家庭教师波多野结衣 | 亚洲丰满熟妇XXXX性A片 | 国产成人综合在线观看网站 | 免费网站观看 | 国产三级精品三级在线观看 | 公么征服我完整版中文 | 国产第一页视频 | 亚洲欧美日本综合 | 三妻四妾免费播放电视剧大全 | 国产人成精品综合欧美成人 | 最好看的最新的中文字幕 | 99热在线免费 | 午夜视频你懂的 | 欲盖弄潮快播 | 毛片资源 | 三级黄色免费片 | 国产激情文学 | 国产亚洲精品久久久999密臂 | 337日本| 高黄H文各种姿势PLAY道具1V1 | 亚洲精品偷拍的自拍的 | 丰满少妇夜夜爽爽高潮水 | 黑人与牛交ZOZOZO | 亚洲视频一区在线 | 囯产丰满肉体A片 | 免费又黄又硬又爽大片 | CHINESE性内射高清国产 | 她的两片蚌肉张开白浆直流 | 国产免费不卡v片在线观看 国产美女一级做视频爱 | 99视频30精品视频在线观看23245 99视频免视看 | 终结的炽天使动漫免费观看第一季 | 中文字幕一区二区三区视频在线 | 日日噜噜大屁股熟妇AV张柏芝 | 五月天婷婷色综合 | 亚洲一线二线三线品牌精华液久久久 | 久久国产精品免费看 | 日韩欧美不卡在线 | 在线五月婷婷 | 最近中文字幕在线看免费完整版 | 国产在线视频h | 中文字幕在线视频免费观看 | 亚洲午夜精品久久久久久抢 | 欧美人与性囗牲恔配 | 黄色片黄色片黄色片黄色片黄色片 | 装睡被陌生人摸出水好爽 | 成人国产欧美大片一区 | 伊人婷婷涩六月丁香七月 | 中文字幕在线观看你懂的 | 天天干夜夜操美女 | 亚洲AV久久无码精品九号软件 | 亚洲h视频| 亚洲人成在线播放 | 亚洲欧美日韩国产另类电影 | 忘忧草在线播放WWW芒果 | 人禽伦交小说 | 我和丰满老师疯狂做爰在线观看 | 免费国产成人 | 伊人精品视频直播 | 国产精品美女免费视频观看 | 日本高清天码一区在线播放 | 影音先锋女人AA鲁色资源 | 精品中文字幕在线观看 | 成人黄色免费 | 69国产精品人妻无码免费 | 亚洲入口 | 久久亚洲国产伦理 | 日本真人边吃奶边做爽免费视频 | 黑帮少爷爱上我第一季在线观看 | 国产成人精品综合在线 | 秋霞韩国伦理电线看 | 天天综合天天操 | 97在线视频99播放 | xxxxx在线| 国产成人精品无码久久A片小说 | 久久精品夜夜春 | 欧美精品一卡2卡3卡4卡乱码 | 国产欧洲野花A级 | 亚洲精品国产v片在线观看 亚洲精品高清国产一线久久97 | 掀起衣服揉她的奶头亲吻视频 |